Bruises and ankle hypermobility.

Some cool ankle trauma images:

Bruises and ankle hypermobility.


Image by Veronica Foale
My ankle is still in it’s ‘midrange’ here. It bends further still.

Irma in ankle trauma


Image by Glamhag
Exeter, Devon

Close up of flower of Psidium guava, Guava …Ch?p g?n hoa ?i ….

Some cool vitamin d chronic pain images:

Close up of flower of Psidium guava, Guava …Ch?p g?n hoa ?i ….


Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Nh?ng t?m hình này ?ã up load trong account c? c?a tôi là " jesuismal ", nay ?ã delete.
These photos in this set were up loaded in my old account "jesuismal" which I deleted.

Vietnamese named : ?i
English names : Guava
Scientist name : Psidium guava Linn.
Synonyms : Calyptropsidium O.Berg
Corynemyrtus (Kiaersk.) Mattos
Guajava Mill.
Mitropsidium Burret
Family : Myrtaceae. H? Sim ( ?ào Kim N??ng )

Searched from :

**** WIKI
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%94i

?i ta (danh pháp khoa h?c: Psidium guajava) là loài cây ?n qu? th??ng xanh lâu n?m, thu?c h? ?ào kim n??ng, có ngu?n g?c t? Brasil.

??c ?i?m

Cây ?i nh? h?n cây v?i, nhãn, cao nhi?u nh?t 10m, ???ng kính thân t?i ?a 30cm. Nh?ng gi?ng m?i còn nh? và lùn h?n n?a[1].
Thân cây ch?c, kh?e, ng?n vì phân cành s?m. Thân nh?n nh?i r?t ít b? sâu ??c, v? già có th? tróc ra t?ng m?ng phía d??i l?i có m?t l??t v? m?i c?ng nh?n, màu xám, h?i xanh. Cành non 4 c?nh, khi già m?i tròn d?n, lá ??i x?ng[1].
Hoa l??ng tính, b?u h?, m?c t?ng chùm 2, 3 chi?c, ít khi ? ??u cành mà th??ng ? nách lá, cánh 5, màu tr?ng, nhi?u nh? vàng, h?t ph?n nh? r?t nhi?u, phôi c?ng nhi?u. Ngo?i hoa th? ph?n d? dàng nh?ng c?ng có th? t? th? ph?n[1].
Qu? to t? 4 – 5g ??n 500 – 700 g g?n tròn, dài thuôn ho?c hình ch? lê. H?t nhi?u, tr?n gi?a m?t kh?i th?t qu? màu tr?ng, h?ng, ?? vàng. T? khi th? ph?n ??n khi qu? chín kho?ng 100 ngày

Các gi?ng ?i

Có nhi?u gi?ng ?i khác nhau: ?i trâu, ?i Bo, ?i xá l? có qu? to nh?ng kém th?m ng?t; ?i m?, ?i g?ng, ?i ?ào, ?i ngh? tuy qu? nh? nh?ng ng?t và r?t th?m

Thành ph?n dinh d??ng và hoá h?c

Qu? và lá ?i ??u ch?a beta-sitosterol, quereetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin và avicularin; lá còn có tinh d?u d? bay h?i, eugenol; qu? chín ch?a nhi?u vitamin C và các polysaccarit nh? fructoza, xyloza, glucoza, rhamnoza, galactoza…; r? có ch?a axit arjunolic; v? r? ch?a tanin và các axit h?u c?[3].
Hàm l??ng dinh d??ng trung bình trong 100 gam qu? ?i: 1 gam protein, 15 mg canxi, 1 mg s?t, 0,06 mg retinol (vitamin A), 0,05 mg thiamin (vitamin B1) và 200 mg axit ascorbic (vitamin C). Hàm l??ng vitamin C cao trong qu? ?i h?n ?áng k? so v?i trong cam[4]. Qu? ?i c?ng giàu pectin[5].
Theo m?t tài li?u khác, qu? ?i ch?a 77,9% n??c, 0,9% protein, 0,3% lipit, 15 %cacbohydrat, 0,3% axit h?u c?, 0,5 % tro, 0,03 mg% vitamin B1, 0,03 mg% vitamin B2, 0,2 mg% vitamin PP, 50 -60 mg% vitamin C[2]. Các lo?i ???ng trong qu? ?i g?m 58,9 % fructoza, 35,7 % glucoza, 5,3 % saccaroza. Các axit h?u c? chính là axit citric và axit malic[2].
Theo B? Nông nghi?p Hoa K? (healthaliciousness.com )

Qu? ?i, gi?ng Apple Guava, tính theo 100 g ph?n ?n ???c
N?ng l??ng36-50 cal
Hàm l??ng n??c77-86 g
X? tiêu hóa2,8-5,5 g
Protein0,9-1,0 g
Ch?t béo0,1-0,5 g
Tro0,43-0,7 g
Carbohydrat9,5-10 g
Calcium9,1–17 mg
Phospho17,8–30 mg
S?t0,30-0,70 mg
Carotene (Vitamin A)200-400 I.U
Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C)200–400 mg
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)0,046 mg
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)0,03-0.04 mg
Niacin (Vitamin B3)0,6-1,068 mg
Trong lá ?i có ch?a 10 ph?n tr?m tanin cùng các thành ph?n t??ng t? và 0,3 % tinh d?u (ch? y?u là caryophyllene, ?-bisabolene, ngoài ra có aromadendrene, ?-selinene, nerolidiol, oxit caryophyllene và Sel-11-en-4a-ol và eugenol), và c?ng có th? có tecpen (axit oleanolic, axit ursolic)[7]. V? cây ch?a 25-30% tanin

?i?u ki?n sinh thái

Cây ?i lá xanh quanh n?m, không ch?u ???c rét, ?? nhi?t -2 °C c? cây l?n c?ng ch?t. Ng??c l?i ?i ch?u ??ng d? dàng nh?ng ?? nhi?t cao ? các sa m?c n?u ?? n??c. ?? nhi?t th?p ví d? d??i 18 – 20 °C thì qu? bé, phát tri?n ch?m ch?t l??ng kém[1].
?i thích khí h?u ?m, n?u l??ng m?a hàng n?m 1.500 – 4.000 mm phân b? t??ng ??i ??u thì không ph?i t??i. B? r? c?a ?i thích nghi t?t v?i s? thay ??i ??t ng?t ?? ?m trong ??t. N?u tr?i h?n, m?c n??c ng?m th?p, ?i có kh? n?ng phát tri?n nhanh m?t s? r? th?ng ??ng ?n sâu xu?ng ??t t?n 3 – 4 m và h?n. N?u m?a nhi?u, m?c n??c dâng cao ?i ?âm nhi?u r? ?n tr? l?i m?t ??t do ?ó không b? ng?t.. Th?m chí b? ng?p h?n vài ngày ?i c?ng không ch?t.
?i tr?ng ???c ? nhi?u lo?i ??t, pH thích h?p t? 4,5 ??n 8,2. ?i không s? gió nh?ng gi?ng qu? to lá to khi b? bão b? rách lá, r?ng qu?

Công d?ng

[s?a]Làm th?c ph?m
Qu? ?i có th? ???c ?n t??i ho?c ch? bi?n thành m?t ?ông hay ?? h?p n??c ?i. Tu? theo t?ng gi?ng ?i mà qu? ?i chín có th? có v? ng?t hay chua.
[s?a]Làm thu?c
Các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i nh? búp non, lá non, qu?, v? r? và v? thân ??u ???c dùng ?? làm thu?c. Nghiên c?u d??c lý cho th?y d?ch chi?t các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i ??u có kh? n?ng kháng khu?n, làm s?n se niêm m?c và c?m ?i l?ng[3].
Theo d??c h?c c? truy?n, lá ?i v? ??ng sáp, tính ?m, có công d?ng tiêu th?ng gi?i ??c, thu sáp ch? huy?t; qu? ?i v? ng?t h?i chua sáp, tính ?m, có công d?ng thu li?m, ki?n v? c? tràng; các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i th??ng ???c dùng ?? ch?a các ch?ng b?nh nh? ti?t t? (?i l?ng), c?u l? (l? m?n tính), viêm d? dày ru?t c?p tính và m?n tính, th?p ??c, th?p ch?n, sang th??ng xu?t huy?t, tiêu khát (ti?u ???ng), b?ng huy?t…[3]
Các bài thu?c dân gian t? cây ?i ???c s? d?ng ? Vi?t Nam, Trung Qu?c, Hawaii, Trung M?, Nam M?, Caribe, Tây Phi…
[s?a]Công d?ng khác
V? cây ???c s? d?ng trong quá trình thu?c da nh? có hàm l??ng tannin cao

**** THU?C ?ÔNG D??C
thuocdongduoc.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar…

**** VIETROSELLE : CÁCH CH?M SÓC VÀ TR?NG CÂY ?I .
www.vietroselle.com/content/sp/caythuoc_details_view=27.php

**** TRUNG TÂM D? LI?U TH?C V?T VIETNAM : ?I VÀ K? THU?T TR?NG ?I
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=news&newsid=377

__________________________________________________

**** RAINTREE
www.rain-tree.com/guava.htm

Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common shade tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava fruits are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves. In the richness of the Amazon, guava fruits often grow well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties average about 10 meters in height and produce lemon-sized fruits. The tree is easily identified by its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark that flakes off, showing a greenish layer beneath.

Guava fruit today is considered minor in terms of commercial world trade but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world. Guava has spread widely throughout the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. The fruits contain numerous seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four years. In the Amazon rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest.

TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES

Guava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, and the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today.

The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea. In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth. A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores. Flowers are also mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries.

Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the Pacific tropical regions, so that it is now cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or hardened jam, and juice. Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diarrhea, and the leaves are still used for diarrhea in Latin America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal medicine systems today the plant is employed for diarrhea, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, gastric disorders, vomiting, coughs, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru. A decoction is also recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for skin ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges.

PLANT CHEMICALS

Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fiber and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin – a dietary fiber. The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guava’s therapeutic activity is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Quercetin is thought to contribute to the anti-diarrhea effect of guava; it is able to relax intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show antispasmodic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.

Guava’s main plant chemicals include: alanine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, asiatic acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, catechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, nerolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

The long history of guava’s use has led modern-day researchers to study guava extracts. Its traditional use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant drug has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the drug indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea. In a clinical study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87.1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has "good curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis."

Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect: it has been documented with pronounced antibacterial, antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a tranquilizing effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines. In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea).

The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guava’s documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria. In several studies guava showed significant antibacterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions.

In a recent study with guinea pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous effects on the cardiovascular system which might be beneficial in treating irregular heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function. In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce blood pressure by an average 8 points, decrease total cholesterol levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase "good" HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to obtain these results!). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower blood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. Most of these studies confirm the plant’s many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems.

CURRENT PRACTICAL USES

Guava, known as the poor man’s apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful natural remedy for diarrhea – safe enough even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is helpful for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup once or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely available in the U.S. market, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes; from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight loss formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects.

Traditional Preparation: The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective children’s diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily.

Contraindications:

Guava has recently demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications.
Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia.
Drug Interactions: None reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications.

**** WIKI
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava

**** TROPILAB.COM
www.tropilab.com/guava.html

**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS
www.stuartxchange.org/Bayabas.html

Flower of Psidium guava, Guava …Hoa ?i ….


Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Nh?ng t?m hình này ?ã up load trong account c? c?a tôi là " jesuismal ", nay ?ã delete.
These photos in this set were up loaded in my old account "jesuismal" which I deleted.

Vietnamese named : ?i
English names : Guava
Scientist name : Psidium guava Linn.
Synonyms : Calyptropsidium O.Berg
Corynemyrtus (Kiaersk.) Mattos
Guajava Mill.
Mitropsidium Burret
Family : Myrtaceae. H? Sim ( ?ào Kim N??ng )

Searched from :

**** WIKI
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%94i

?i ta (danh pháp khoa h?c: Psidium guajava) là loài cây ?n qu? th??ng xanh lâu n?m, thu?c h? ?ào kim n??ng, có ngu?n g?c t? Brasil.

??c ?i?m

Cây ?i nh? h?n cây v?i, nhãn, cao nhi?u nh?t 10m, ???ng kính thân t?i ?a 30cm. Nh?ng gi?ng m?i còn nh? và lùn h?n n?a[1].
Thân cây ch?c, kh?e, ng?n vì phân cành s?m. Thân nh?n nh?i r?t ít b? sâu ??c, v? già có th? tróc ra t?ng m?ng phía d??i l?i có m?t l??t v? m?i c?ng nh?n, màu xám, h?i xanh. Cành non 4 c?nh, khi già m?i tròn d?n, lá ??i x?ng[1].
Hoa l??ng tính, b?u h?, m?c t?ng chùm 2, 3 chi?c, ít khi ? ??u cành mà th??ng ? nách lá, cánh 5, màu tr?ng, nhi?u nh? vàng, h?t ph?n nh? r?t nhi?u, phôi c?ng nhi?u. Ngo?i hoa th? ph?n d? dàng nh?ng c?ng có th? t? th? ph?n[1].
Qu? to t? 4 – 5g ??n 500 – 700 g g?n tròn, dài thuôn ho?c hình ch? lê. H?t nhi?u, tr?n gi?a m?t kh?i th?t qu? màu tr?ng, h?ng, ?? vàng. T? khi th? ph?n ??n khi qu? chín kho?ng 100 ngày

Các gi?ng ?i

Có nhi?u gi?ng ?i khác nhau: ?i trâu, ?i Bo, ?i xá l? có qu? to nh?ng kém th?m ng?t; ?i m?, ?i g?ng, ?i ?ào, ?i ngh? tuy qu? nh? nh?ng ng?t và r?t th?m

Thành ph?n dinh d??ng và hoá h?c

Qu? và lá ?i ??u ch?a beta-sitosterol, quereetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin và avicularin; lá còn có tinh d?u d? bay h?i, eugenol; qu? chín ch?a nhi?u vitamin C và các polysaccarit nh? fructoza, xyloza, glucoza, rhamnoza, galactoza…; r? có ch?a axit arjunolic; v? r? ch?a tanin và các axit h?u c?[3].
Hàm l??ng dinh d??ng trung bình trong 100 gam qu? ?i: 1 gam protein, 15 mg canxi, 1 mg s?t, 0,06 mg retinol (vitamin A), 0,05 mg thiamin (vitamin B1) và 200 mg axit ascorbic (vitamin C). Hàm l??ng vitamin C cao trong qu? ?i h?n ?áng k? so v?i trong cam[4]. Qu? ?i c?ng giàu pectin[5].
Theo m?t tài li?u khác, qu? ?i ch?a 77,9% n??c, 0,9% protein, 0,3% lipit, 15 %cacbohydrat, 0,3% axit h?u c?, 0,5 % tro, 0,03 mg% vitamin B1, 0,03 mg% vitamin B2, 0,2 mg% vitamin PP, 50 -60 mg% vitamin C[2]. Các lo?i ???ng trong qu? ?i g?m 58,9 % fructoza, 35,7 % glucoza, 5,3 % saccaroza. Các axit h?u c? chính là axit citric và axit malic[2].
Theo B? Nông nghi?p Hoa K? (healthaliciousness.com )

Qu? ?i, gi?ng Apple Guava, tính theo 100 g ph?n ?n ???c
N?ng l??ng36-50 cal
Hàm l??ng n??c77-86 g
X? tiêu hóa2,8-5,5 g
Protein0,9-1,0 g
Ch?t béo0,1-0,5 g
Tro0,43-0,7 g
Carbohydrat9,5-10 g
Calcium9,1–17 mg
Phospho17,8–30 mg
S?t0,30-0,70 mg
Carotene (Vitamin A)200-400 I.U
Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C)200–400 mg
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)0,046 mg
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)0,03-0.04 mg
Niacin (Vitamin B3)0,6-1,068 mg
Trong lá ?i có ch?a 10 ph?n tr?m tanin cùng các thành ph?n t??ng t? và 0,3 % tinh d?u (ch? y?u là caryophyllene, ?-bisabolene, ngoài ra có aromadendrene, ?-selinene, nerolidiol, oxit caryophyllene và Sel-11-en-4a-ol và eugenol), và c?ng có th? có tecpen (axit oleanolic, axit ursolic)[7]. V? cây ch?a 25-30% tanin

?i?u ki?n sinh thái

Cây ?i lá xanh quanh n?m, không ch?u ???c rét, ?? nhi?t -2 °C c? cây l?n c?ng ch?t. Ng??c l?i ?i ch?u ??ng d? dàng nh?ng ?? nhi?t cao ? các sa m?c n?u ?? n??c. ?? nhi?t th?p ví d? d??i 18 – 20 °C thì qu? bé, phát tri?n ch?m ch?t l??ng kém[1].
?i thích khí h?u ?m, n?u l??ng m?a hàng n?m 1.500 – 4.000 mm phân b? t??ng ??i ??u thì không ph?i t??i. B? r? c?a ?i thích nghi t?t v?i s? thay ??i ??t ng?t ?? ?m trong ??t. N?u tr?i h?n, m?c n??c ng?m th?p, ?i có kh? n?ng phát tri?n nhanh m?t s? r? th?ng ??ng ?n sâu xu?ng ??t t?n 3 – 4 m và h?n. N?u m?a nhi?u, m?c n??c dâng cao ?i ?âm nhi?u r? ?n tr? l?i m?t ??t do ?ó không b? ng?t.. Th?m chí b? ng?p h?n vài ngày ?i c?ng không ch?t.
?i tr?ng ???c ? nhi?u lo?i ??t, pH thích h?p t? 4,5 ??n 8,2. ?i không s? gió nh?ng gi?ng qu? to lá to khi b? bão b? rách lá, r?ng qu?

Công d?ng

[s?a]Làm th?c ph?m
Qu? ?i có th? ???c ?n t??i ho?c ch? bi?n thành m?t ?ông hay ?? h?p n??c ?i. Tu? theo t?ng gi?ng ?i mà qu? ?i chín có th? có v? ng?t hay chua.
[s?a]Làm thu?c
Các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i nh? búp non, lá non, qu?, v? r? và v? thân ??u ???c dùng ?? làm thu?c. Nghiên c?u d??c lý cho th?y d?ch chi?t các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i ??u có kh? n?ng kháng khu?n, làm s?n se niêm m?c và c?m ?i l?ng[3].
Theo d??c h?c c? truy?n, lá ?i v? ??ng sáp, tính ?m, có công d?ng tiêu th?ng gi?i ??c, thu sáp ch? huy?t; qu? ?i v? ng?t h?i chua sáp, tính ?m, có công d?ng thu li?m, ki?n v? c? tràng; các b? ph?n c?a cây ?i th??ng ???c dùng ?? ch?a các ch?ng b?nh nh? ti?t t? (?i l?ng), c?u l? (l? m?n tính), viêm d? dày ru?t c?p tính và m?n tính, th?p ??c, th?p ch?n, sang th??ng xu?t huy?t, tiêu khát (ti?u ???ng), b?ng huy?t…[3]
Các bài thu?c dân gian t? cây ?i ???c s? d?ng ? Vi?t Nam, Trung Qu?c, Hawaii, Trung M?, Nam M?, Caribe, Tây Phi…
[s?a]Công d?ng khác
V? cây ???c s? d?ng trong quá trình thu?c da nh? có hàm l??ng tannin cao

**** THU?C ?ÔNG D??C
thuocdongduoc.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar…

**** VIETROSELLE : CÁCH CH?M SÓC VÀ TR?NG CÂY ?I .
www.vietroselle.com/content/sp/caythuoc_details_view=27.php

**** TRUNG TÂM D? LI?U TH?C V?T VIETNAM : ?I VÀ K? THU?T TR?NG ?I
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=news&newsid=377

__________________________________________________

**** RAINTREE
www.rain-tree.com/guava.htm

Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countries and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common shade tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava fruits are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves. In the richness of the Amazon, guava fruits often grow well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties average about 10 meters in height and produce lemon-sized fruits. The tree is easily identified by its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark that flakes off, showing a greenish layer beneath.

Guava fruit today is considered minor in terms of commercial world trade but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world. Guava has spread widely throughout the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears fruit relatively quickly. The fruits contain numerous seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four years. In the Amazon rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest.

TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES

Guava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, and the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today.

The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea. In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth. A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is used topically for wounds, ulcers and skin sores. Flowers are also mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries.

Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the Pacific tropical regions, so that it is now cultivated throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or hardened jam, and juice. Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of diarrhea, and the leaves are still used for diarrhea in Latin America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal medicine systems today the plant is employed for diarrhea, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, gastric disorders, vomiting, coughs, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru. A decoction is also recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for skin ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges.

PLANT CHEMICALS

Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fiber and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciable amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin – a dietary fiber. The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guava’s therapeutic activity is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Quercetin is thought to contribute to the anti-diarrhea effect of guava; it is able to relax intestinal smooth muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show antispasmodic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.

Guava’s main plant chemicals include: alanine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, asiatic acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, catechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, nerolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH

The long history of guava’s use has led modern-day researchers to study guava extracts. Its traditional use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant drug has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the drug indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea. In a clinical study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87.1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has "good curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis."

Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect: it has been documented with pronounced antibacterial, antiamebic and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a tranquilizing effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines. In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea).

The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guava’s documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria. In several studies guava showed significant antibacterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial actions.

In a recent study with guinea pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous effects on the cardiovascular system which might be beneficial in treating irregular heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function. In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce blood pressure by an average 8 points, decrease total cholesterol levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase "good" HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to obtain these results!). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower blood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. Most of these studies confirm the plant’s many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems.

CURRENT PRACTICAL USES

Guava, known as the poor man’s apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful natural remedy for diarrhea – safe enough even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is helpful for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup once or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely available in the U.S. market, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes; from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight loss formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects.

Traditional Preparation: The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective children’s diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily.

Contraindications:

Guava has recently demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications.
Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia.
Drug Interactions: None reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications.

**** WIKI
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava

**** TROPILAB.COM
www.tropilab.com/guava.html

**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINAL PLANTS
www.stuartxchange.org/Bayabas.html

Q&A: I am getting knee pain from cycling will it improove?

Question by mousey: I am getting knee pain from cycling will it improove?
I need to put the seat up higher on my bike I think that might be why I am getting pains in my knees. But I am also wondering if cycling is actually bad for knees? I love cycling – just gotten into it in the last couple of months and have cycled heaps but I am getting bad pain in my knees. I am wondering if it can be bad if you cycle too much? Or are my knees just weak because I am starting out and they will strengthen over time? Thanks

Best answer:

Answer by Craig
they probably will strengthen and over time youll have varouis pains like back pains, muscle cramps and so on related to cycling and worst are the saddle sores ! But play around with your seat height and read up about the correct ergoinomic position on a cycling site. Most importantly warm up your legs before every ride, just sit on the floor and give the musles a little massage ESPECIALLY your KNEES

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Q&A: How long after a heart attack do you stop thinking every chest pain is another attack?

Question by phxbill_62: How long after a heart attack do you stop thinking every chest pain is another attack?
Had a stint placed after a heart attack near two years ago after an allergic reaction caused the heart attack, complete respiratory failure and near a month in critical condition, I am 45 and still dealing with the thoughts of dying and every small muscle twinge being another heart attack … Cardiologist says everything is PERFECT but does not seem to help.

Best answer:

Answer by the_only_solorose
what you describe is common, you might benefit from some cognitive behavioral therapy.

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Nice Ball Of Foot Pain Relief photos

A few nice ball of foot pain relief images I found:

Why is it important to understand the effects of trauma and violence on Youth when developing a treatment prog?

Question by coldplayfreak3001: Why is it important to understand the effects of trauma and violence on Youth when developing a treatment prog?

Best answer:

Answer by Move on
Foremost, traumatic events and violence effect everyone differently. Treatment programs should be specific to a patient. As a result, if we do not understand the effects ( and the degrees of the effects ) how can we treat ???

Know better? Leave your own answer in the comments!

Nice Relief Foot Pain photos

Some cool relief foot pain images:

Green Zone Medical Clinic


Image by isafmedia
Petty Officer First Class Richard Power, an independent-duty corpsman with Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, gives a shot to Gomagull, a local villager, at a medical clinic in Sangin, July 31. Gomagull, who came to a clinic held by the Marines and sailors, complained of a headache and foot pain. Powers, a 36-year-old native of Freemont, Calif., gave Gomagull a pain medication shot and aspirin pills for follow-on pain relief. Medical services were offered to the local Afghans and 13 patients were seen. Patients who attended the day-long event had their blood pressure measured and most received medicine for their ailments. Marines hope to establish relationships with the villagers by offering medical care and helping any way they can. Capt. Ryan Cohen, the commanding officer of K Co., 3rd Bn., 7th Marines, said the day was very successful. (Official Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Ned Johnson)